As noted previously, great progress in addressing fatal diseases is being made worldwide and nonfatal diseases pose the next major threat in terms of disease burden. Musculoskeletal conditions – in particular, trauma, back pain, and arthritis – constitute a major share of this morbidity burden, often restricting activities of daily living, causing lost work days, and are a source of lifelong pain. In spite of this, research funding to ease this burden remains well below that of other disease conditions.

In 1998, the Institute of Medicine wrote “In setting national priorities, NIH (National Institutes of Health) should strengthen its analysis in the use of health data, such as burdens of disease, and of data on the impact of research and the health of the public.”1 The Global Burden of Disease has identified low back pain, neck pain, and other musculoskeletal conditions as three of the top ten leading causes for years lived with disability.2 By current US estimates, more than 78% of the persons age 18 years and older reporting a disabling condition reported a musculoskeletal disorder. (Reference Table 1.5.1 PDF [11] CSV [12])  Yet, research funding to alleviate these major health conditions remains substantially below that of other major health conditions such as cancer, respiratory, and circulatory (eg, heart) diseases. (Reference Table 1.1.2 PDF [13] CSV [14])

The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) was formed in 1987. Across the years, research funding for NIAMS has declined in relative terms, and since 2000, less than 2% of the annual National Institutes of Health (NIH) budget has been appropriated to musculoskeletal disease research. In fact, the funding share for 2016 was the lowest it has ever been, at 1.68% of the total NIH budget.

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Over the last five years (2012 to 2016), funding for musculoskeletal conditions from NIH totaled $7.9 billion, while that of cancers and heart/circulatory disorders totaled $42.1 billion and $23.1 billion, respectively. (Reference Table 1.1.1 PDF [17] CSV [18], and Table 1.1.2 PDF [13] CSV [14])

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In spite of the major healthcare burden presented by musculoskeletal conditions, research funding falls well below that of most other conditions. Injury research commands half of the musculoskeletal condition research dollars ($4 billion) from NIH for the years 2012 to 2016. Funding for arthritis research is second, at $1.4 billion, followed by osteoporosis ($965 million). These numbers are well below the $8.3 to $55.9 billion in funding for the top 25 NIH research conditions, diseases, and areas. (Reference Table 1.1.3 PDF [21] CSV [22])

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Looking at it another way shows the dominance of fatal diseases versus prevalence in the population. Three diseases with very high prevalence in the population – obesity, hypertension, and arthritis – are among the lowest research-funded diseases in the US. Arthritis, a major musculoskeletal disease, is responsible for an extra burden of pain and disability in nearly 1 in 4 persons. (Reference Table 1.3.1 PDF [25] CVS [26])

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Since 1999, NIAMS has received an average of 2.8% of research project grant funds, and 2.3% of project grant dollars. Career development awards during this period have risen from 3.1% in 1999 to 4.2% in 2015, as a share of total career awards. (Reference Table 1.1.4 PDF [29] CSV [30])

Time and again, when the global burdens of disease are enumerated, musculoskeletal conditions rank high. Now we see that that rank is increasing. Although research funding reflects a long-term bias towards diseases with high mortality rates, the Global Burden of Disease project indicates that much of the growth in disease burdens has occurred for conditions that cause high disability rates. Redressing the funding disparity should become a high priority.

Although musculoskeletal conditions are common, disabling, and costly, they remain under-recognized, under-appreciated, and under-resourced. This book provides a strong case for the immediate and ongoing need to understand and support musculoskeletal conditions and reduce the burden they bring to people.

• 1. Committee on the NIH Research Priority-Setting Process; Institute of Medicine: Scientific Opportunities and Public Needs: Improving Setting and Public Input. Washington, DC, National Academies Press, 1998. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45354/ [31]. Accessed February 19, 2018.
• 2. Murray CJL, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet. 2015 June 8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4. (http://www.healthdata.org/research-article/global-regional-and-national-incidence-prevalence-and-years-lived-disability-2013 [9]) Accessed August 15, 2016.

In the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) in 2015, an annual survey of self-reported health conditions used throughout this chapter to highlight chronic health conditions of the US population, musculoskeletal medical conditions were reported by 124.1 million adults in the United States, representing one in two persons age 18 and over of the estimated 2015 population. The rate of chronic musculoskeletal conditions found in the adult population is greater than that of chronic circulatory conditions, which include coronary and heart conditions, and twice that of all chronic respiratory conditions, the next two most common health conditions. While the rate of circulatory conditions is approaching the rate of musculoskeletal conditions, the majority of circulatory conditions involve high blood pressure and high cholesterol, both of which are controlled medically and do not necessarily lead to the high levels of disability and pain found in arthritis and back pain. (Reference Tables 1.2.1 PDF [32] CSV [33] and 1.3.1 PDF [25] CSV [26])

Demographic Differences

Sex

Females report higher levels of most major non-fatal health conditions than do males. The rate of musculoskeletal conditions in females was 52.7, while males reported musculoskeletal conditions at a rate of 47.3 per 100 persons. (Reference Tables 1.2.1 PDF [32] CSV [33])

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Age

Age is a factor in many major health conditions, particularly those affecting the ability to function in daily living activities. The lower prevalence of some conditions in older age groups may be due to mortality caused by the condition in earlier age groups. By age 65, circulatory problems surpass musculoskeletal conditions slightly as hypertension, high cholesterol, and heart conditions all become more common in persons who have reached the age of 75. Respiratory conditions often have lower prevalence among older individuals, while cancer, hearing problems, and dental issues all increase after age 75. The prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions rises in the middle ages of 45 to 64, and tends to level off around age 65, creating a long period of time over which the pain and disability associated with musculoskeletal diseases impacts quality of life. (Reference Table 1.2.2 PDF [36] CSV [37])

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Race/Ethnicity

Non-Hispanic Whites have the highest prevalence of several major health disease conditions, including musculoskeletal conditions. A major exception to this rule is diabetes, a common condition; prevalence rates of diabetes are highest among non-Hispanic blacks. (Reference Table 1.2.3 PDF [40] CSV [41])

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Geographic Differences

In general, residents of the Midwest region report slightly higher rates of most major health conditions while residents in the West report the lowest prevalence. Musculoskeletal conditions are reported by 54.9% of Midwest residents, and a consistent 48.8% across all other regions. The reasons why this occurs are not known, but the median age of the population is older than the West and South; however, median age is oldest in the Northeast.1 There is also a higher prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions reported in several industries than generally found in other geographical regions. These include construction/extraction, office and administrative support, healthcare practitioners and technicians, and building and grounds cleaning/maintenance industries. (Reference Table 1.2.4 PDF [44] CSV [45])

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Trends

Over the past decade, the reported prevalence of the most common health diseases has not changed. Reported prevalence in 2012 for several conditions was greater than in 2015, but additional years of data will be needed to determine if this is an actual slowing of these conditions. Circulatory related conditions increased significantly between 20112 and 2015, but this was primarily related to the increase in chronic hypertension, and the addition of chronic high cholesterol to the category. Musculoskeletal diseases continue to lead all medical conditions in prevalence. (Reference Table 1.2.5 PDF [48] CSV [49])

• 1. United States Census Bureau. American Fact Finder.  ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml  [50] Accessed August 15, 2016.

Participants in the NHIS survey are asked about limitations they experience in activities of daily living (ADL) because of medical conditions. In 2015, more than 82 million adults, or 36% of the population age 18 years and older, reported they have difficulty performing routine ADL without assistance because of medical conditions. An additional 6.3 million children between the ages of 1 and 17 years are reported by their parents as needing more assistance in daily activities because of a medical condition than would be expected based on their age. While more than one medical condition could be reported, and often was, 64 million adults with ADL limitations had a musculoskeletal condition, approximately one-half the persons reporting a musculoskeletal condition. This is a much higher ratio than found in any of the other major disease categories.

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The prevalence rate in the population reporting limitations in ADL increases with age, and affects one in four persons older than 75 years of age, primarily due to musculoskeletal conditions. Again, females, non-Hispanic whites, and residents of the Midwest are slightly more likely to report limitations due to health conditions than other demographic groups (Reference Tables 1.5.1 PDF [11] CSV [12]; 1.5.2 PDF [81] CSV; [82] 1.5.3 PDF [83] CSV [84]; and 1.5.4 PDF [85] CSV [86])

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Cause of Musculoskeletal Limitations

Spine problems with the back and neck are the most common musculoskeletal condition to cause limitations in ADL in young adults, but as the population ages, arthritis or rheumatism is a more common cause. The mean duration for limitations reported for all musculoskeletal conditions is 8 to 18 years. Although there is an increase in years of duration as the population ages, even among young adults aged 18 to 44, the duration of musculoskeletal conditions causing limitations is 8 years or more. (Reference Table 1.6.2 PDF [89] CSV [90])

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Reflecting the overall prevalence of medical conditions in females, they are also more likely to report impairment in ADL than are males. This is particularly true for musculoskeletal conditions. Females account for 58% of all persons reporting they are limited in activities of daily living; they account for 59% of those reporting a musculoskeletal condition impairment. Two of three adults age 18 and older (64%) reporting arthritis as a cause for ADL limitations are female, while 59% of those reporting connective tissue problems, including fibromyalgia, as the cause of ADL limitations are female. (Reference Tables 1.5.1 PDF [11] CSV [12] and 1.6.1 PDF [93] CSV [94])

Non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks, overall, report higher rates of limitation due to medical conditions than Hispanics and non-Hispanic other/mixed race/ethnic persons, except for limitations due to circulatory diseases. Limitations due to musculoskeletal conditions are all reported at higher rates by non-Hispanic whites than by other racial/ethnic groups. (Reference Tables 1.5.3 PDF [83] CSV [84] and 1.6.3 PDF [95] CSV [96])

Again, residents of the Midwest report slightly higher rates of limitations due to medical conditions for all musculoskeletal diseases than do residents of other geographic regions in the US. (Reference Table 1.6.4 PDF [97] CSV [98])

Respondents to the 2015 NHIS self-reported the number of bed days and lost work days they experienced in the previous 12 months due to a variety of medical conditions. A bed day is defined as one-half or more days in bed because of injury or illness in past 12 months, excluding hospitalization. A missed, or lost, work day is defined as absence from work because of illness or injury in the past 12 months, excluding maternity or family leave.

Although the exact cause of these bed and lost work days cannot be determined because some respondents reported multiple health conditions, 70% of persons reporting bed and lost work days reported having a musculoskeletal condition. This is more than twice the proportion of respondents reporting depression, the second most common medical condition listed for causing lost work days, and five or more times the proportion pf respondents reporting other major health conditions. Overall, the high proportion of workers reporting lost work days or bed days as a result of a musculoskeletal condition results in an economic burden on the economy—much higher than that reported for chronic circulatory or chronic respiratory conditions. (Reference Table 1.8.1 PDF [107] CSV [108] and Table 1.8.2 PDF [109] CSV [110])

Diagnoses

Musculoskeletal diagnoses accounted for 19.2%, or 235.1 million, of the 1.225 billion medical diagnoses included in hospital discharge records, emergency department and outpatient clinic visits, and physician office visits in the United States in 2013. Seven in ten of the discharges/visits were to a physician’s office, but musculoskeletal visits as a share of total healthcare visits were highest for hospital discharges (29.6%) and emergency department visits (28.9%). (Reference Table 1.9.1 PDF [119] CSV [120] and Table 1.9.2 PDF [121] CSV [122])

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On average, each person in the United States received medical care for four diagnoses during 2013, or 3,874 diagnoses per a population of 1,000. Of these, 747 diagnoses were for musculoskeletal conditions, indicating that seven in ten persons had a healthcare discharge or visit related to a musculoskeletal disease. The most common musculoskeletal diagnoses are "other and unspecified disorders of the back" and "other and unspecified disorders of joints," with 141.9 and 106.8 diagnoses per 1,000 persons, respectively. Of the more specific diagnoses, disc disorders (50.4/1000), osteoarthrosis and allied disorders (49.6/1000) spondylosis and allied disorders (22.2/1000) were the most common. (Reference Table 1.9.3 PDF [125] CSV [126])

The majority of all diagnoses and musculoskeletal diagnoses are made in a physician office. However, hospital discharges and emergency department visits are seen more frequently for musculoskeletal conditions than for health care visits for all conditions overall. (Reference Table 1.9.2 PDF [121] CSV [122])

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Among the major diagnostic categories of musculoskeletal diagnoses, Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Conditions (AORC) accounted for nearly half the musculoskeletal related visits at a rate of 350.8/1000. Spine and injuries each accounted for just over one in five visits (210.1/1000 and 207.7/1000, respectively). Although the remaining musculoskeletal disease diagnostic categories represent much smaller shares of visits and impact fewer persons, they remain a major cause for pain and disability. (Reference Table 1.9.6 PDF [129] CSV [130])

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Procedures

Musculoskeletal procedures comprised only slightly more than 1% of all medical procedures performed in hospitals, outpatient clinics, emergency departments, and physician offices in 2013. However, 62 musculoskeletal procedures were performed more than 12,000 times each. The top two procedures, together performed nearly 5.8 million times, are the injection of a therapeutic substance into a joint or ligament and into soft tissue. The third most frequently performed musculoskeletal procedure, performed nearly 800,000 times in 2013, was arthrocentesis, the removal of fluid from a joint. All three are routinely performed in a physician’s office. Joint replacement procedures ranked 4th (total knee), 7th (total hip), 16th (partial hip), and 19th (revision knee replacement), all of which are projected to increase dramatically by 2030, particularly by persons under the age of 65.1 Reduction of fractures and spinal fusion procedures rounded out the remaining top 20 procedures. These procedures are primarily performed in a hospital. (Reference Table 1.10.1 PDF [133] CSV [134])

Looking at musculoskeletal procedures by major groups (2-digit ICD-9-CM codes), 60% of procedures belong to the repair and plastic operations on joint structures (81). This group includes joint replacement and spinal fusion procedures, both among the most frequent procedures performed, as well as injections of therapeutic substance into joint or ligament, the most frequent musculoskeletal procedure performed. Operations on muscle, tendon, fascia, and bursa comprise 10% of all musculoskeletal procedures performed. This category (83) includes the second most frequent procedure, injection of locally-acting therapeutic substance into other soft tissue. (Reference Table 1.10.2 PDF [135] CSV [136])

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• 1. Kurtz SM, Lau E, Ong K, et. al. Future young patient demand for primary and revision joint replacement: national projections from 2010 to 2030. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009;467(10):2606-2612.

The annual average proportion of the US population with a musculoskeletal condition requiring medical care has increased by more than six percentage points over the past two decades and now constitutes more than 34% of the population. This is an overall rate of increase of 21%. The majority of growth in both the proportion of the population, and in the number of people with a musculoskeletal condition is in the 45 to 64-year age bracket, with persons age 65 years and older with musculoskeletal conditions also rising. (Reference Table 8.1.1 PDF [139] CSV [140])

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In 2012 to 2014, the annual estimated direct and indirect cost attributable to persons with a musculoskeletal disease is $322 billion. Taking into account all costs for persons with a musculoskeletal disease including other co-morbid conditions, the cost of treating these individuals and the cost to society in the form of decreased wages is estimated to be nearly $980 billion per year. Over the last 18 years, costs associated with musculoskeletal conditions have risen from 3.44% of the GDP to 5.76%.  (Reference Table 8.6.1 PDF [143] CSV [144]; Table 8.12 PDF [145] CSV [146]; and Table 8.14 PDF [147] CSV [148])

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Treatments that mitigate the long-term impacts of musculoskeletal conditions and return persons to full and active lives are needed.

The importance of musculoskeletal conditions in society necessarily increases with an aging population since the prevalence and impact increase with age. An aging population puts increased numbers of persons in the age range of greatest risk for onset and worsened severity.  However, it is not only among the elderly, or persons age 65 or older, that the impacts of aging are felt. Because the prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions is substantial among those 45 to 64 years of age, the proportion of all cases of musculoskeletal disease in this age range increased by one-third over a 15-year time frame, from about 29% (21.8 million persons) in the years 1996 to 1998 to about 38% (40.7 million persons) between 2012 and 2014. During the same time periods, the proportion of cases among the elderly increased by 19%, from about 22% (16.5 million persons) in the earlier three-year period to about 26% (27.8 million persons) in the later one. (Reference Table 8.1.1 PDF CSV) Because conditions that exist among persons age 45 to 64 are likely to last for a long time, the increased proportion of cases in this age range may lead to protracted high medical care costs in the years to come.

The relative importance of this age range in costs of care is already clear.  Between 1996 to 1998 and 2012 to 2014, the proportion of all medical care costs experienced by persons with musculoskeletal conditions who are between ages 45 and 64 increased by 39%, from about 30% of all such costs to 42%. The proportion of incremental musculoskeletal medical care costs among persons 45 to 64 years of age increased by an even more, 82%, rising from 28% in the 1996 to 1998 period to 51% between 2012 and 2014. (Reference Table 8.9 PDF [151] CSV [152])

The aging of the US population puts an increased proportion of the population at the ages of highest risk of the onset of musculoskeletal conditions and, among those with these conditions, at the ages of highest severity levels. The problem of aging is made more severe by the fact that many major chronic diseases are more prevalent in late middle age and among the elderly. In fact, most of the latter group has two or more chronic diseases. The impact of comorbidity is reflected in the cost data presented in this volume. Not only are the incremental costs, that is, those attributable to the musculoskeletal conditions, high among those age 45 and older, but the total medical costs they experience are also higher in these age ranges. The problems of an aging population are exacerbated by the occurrence of multiple chronic diseases.

The increased prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions associated with the aging population will necessarily place increased demands on the healthcare system.  However, the growth in the healthcare workforce is not keeping pace with the growing prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions. In fact, two medical specialties focused on the care of persons with these diseases, rheumatology and geriatrics, are having a difficult time recruiting new physicians.

It is also the case, as documented in The Big Picture: Funding [153]that research funding for musculoskeletal conditions, relatively small to begin with, is not keeping up with the growing importance of this disease group. Prior research has led to dramatically improved treatments for inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis (principally because of the development of biological treatments) and to mechanical ones such as osteoarthritis (principally because of the improvement in total joint replacement rates). However, in order to deal with the increased numbers of patients associated with the aging population, research funding must be expanded in sheer dollars and in scope to encompass the cause, treatment, and organization of care.

The Burden of Musculoskeletal Diseases in the United States (BMUS) project was designed to provide primary data on musculoskeletal disorders related to prevalence and incidence, healthcare utilization, and burden, including economic costs, in the US as tools to support policy decision makers in the need for greater attention to be paid to musculoskeletal diseases. As BMUS moves forward, it is being asked to include a much broader picture of musculoskeletal disorders, including, but not limited to, a better description and understanding of disorders, comparison to global burden, treatment options/effectiveness/costs, quality of life, disparities in diagnosis and treatment, and the role of comorbidities. All these areas are critical to addressing the importance of recognizing and treating musculoskeletal diseases. Data to support addressing these issues must be addressed.

More than one in two persons age 18 years and older in the US population reports a chronic musculoskeletal condition. This compares to a rate of 42 and 24 persons per every 100 in the population for circulatory (including treatment for high blood pressure) and respiratory conditions, respectively.

Chronic low back pain, joint pain, and disability from arthritis comprise three of the top five most commonly reported medical conditions. The two non-musculoskeletal conditions are chronic hypertension and chronic high cholesterol. All five conditions were reported by 55 million or more persons in 2015. This compares to less than 30 million with other common conditions such as coronary or respiratory conditions. The number of persons suffering from musculoskeletal conditions is expected to continue to increase as once active individuals move into their older years.

The cost to treat the pain and disability resulting from musculoskeletal diseases is rising rapidly. The annual average direct and indirect (because of lost work) costs attributable to persons with a musculoskeletal disease were $322 billion between 2012 and 2014. Over the last 18 years, costs associated with musculoskeletal conditions have risen from 3.44% of the GDP to 5.76%.

In spite of this, research funding for musculoskeletal-related conditions remains substantially below that of other major health conditions, such as cancer and respiratory and circulatory diseases. If healthcare costs in the future are to be contained, musculoskeletal diseases must come to the forefront of medical research efforts.

135 : Sarcoidosis
170 : Malignant neoplasm of bone and articular cartilage
171 : Malignant neoplasm of connective and other soft tissue
198 : Secondary malignant neoplasm of bone and bone marrow
203 : Multiple myeloma and immunoproliferative neoplasms
213 : Benign neoplasm of bone and articular cartilage
215 : Other benign neoplasm of connective and other soft tissue
238 : Neoplasm of uncertain behavior of other and unspecified sites and tissues; Connective and other soft tissue; Bone soft tissue and skin
239.2 : Neoplasms of unspecified nature; Bone soft tissue and skin
274 : Gout; Gouty arthroplathy
710 : Diffuse diseases of connective tissue
711 : Arthropathy associated with infections
712 : Crystal arthropathies
713 : Arthropathy associated with other disorders classified elsewhere
714 : Rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory polyarthropathies
715 : Osteoarthrosis and allied disorders
716 : Other and unspecified arthroplasties
717 : Internal derangement of knee
718 : Other derangement  of joint
719 : Other and unspecified disorders of joint
720 : Ankylosing spondylitis and other inflammatory spondylopathies
721 : Spondylosis and allied disorders
722 : Intervertebral disc disorders
723 : Other disorder of cervical region
724 : Other and unspecified disorders of back
725 : Polymyalgia rheumatica
726 : Peripheral enthesopathies and allied syndromes
727 : Synovitis and tenosynovitis
728 : Disorders of muscle, ligament, and fascia
729 : Other disorders of soft tissue
730 : Acute osteomyelitis
731 : Osteitis deformans and osteopathies associated with other disorders classified elsewhere
732 : Osteochondropathies
733 : Other disorders of bone and cartilage (Osteoporosis; pathologic fracture, cyst, necrosis of bone, malunion and nonunion of fracture)
734 : Flat foot
735 : Acquired deformities of toe
736 : Acquired deformities of forearm
737 : Curvature of spine
738 : Other acquired deformity (of musculoskeletal system), spondylolisthesis
739 : Nonallopathic lesions, not elsewhere classified
741 : Spina bifida
754 : Certain congenital musculoskeletal deformities
755 : Other congenital anomalies of limbs (Polydactyly)
756 : Other congenital musculoskeletal anomalies
805 : Fracture of vertebral column without mention of spinal cord injury
806 : Fracture of vertebral column with mention of spinal cord injury
807 : Fracture of vertebral column with mention of spinal cord injury
808 : Fracture of pelvis (Acetabulum, closed)
809 : Ill-defined fractures of bones and trunk
810 : Fracture of clavicle (closed)
811 : Fracture of scapula (closed)
812 : Fracture of humerus (Upper end, closed)
813 : Fracture of radius and ulna (Upper end, closed)
814 : Fracture of carpal bone(s) (Closed)
815 : Fracture of metacarpal bone(s) (Closed)
816 : Fracture of one or more phalanges of hand (Closed)
817 : Multiple fractures of hand bones
818 : Ill-defined fractures of upper limb
819 : Multiple fractures involving both upper limbs, and upper limb with rib(s) and sternum
820 : Fracture of neck of femur (transcervical fracture, closed)
821 : Fracture of other and unspecified parts of femur (Shaft or unspecified part, closed)
822 : Fracture of patella
823 : Fracture of tibia and fibula, upper end (closed)
824 : Fracture of ankle
825 : Fracture of one or more tarsal and metatarsal bones
826 : Fracture of one or more phalanges of foot
827 : Other, multiple, and ill-defined fractures of lower limb
829 : Fractures of unspecified bones
831 : Dislocation of shoulder
832 : Dislocation of elbow
833 : Dislocation of wrist
834 : Dislocation of finger
835 : Dislocation of hip
836 : Dislocation of knee
837 : Dislocation of ankle
838 : Dislocation of foot
839 : Other, multiple, and ill-defined dislocations
840 : Sprains and strains of shoulder and upper arm
841 : Sprains and strains of elbow and forearm
842 : Sprains and strains of wrist and hand
843 : Sprains and strains of hip and thigh
844 : Sprains and strains of knee and leg
845 : Sprains and strains of ankle and foot
846 : Sprains and strains of sacroiliac region
847 : Sprains and strains of other and unspecified parts of back
848 : Other and ill-defined sprains and strains
875 : Open wound of chest (wall)
876 : Open wound of back
877 : Open wound of buttock
879 : Open wound of other and unspecified sites (except limbs)
880 : Open wound of shoulder and upper arm
881 : Open wound of elbow, forearm, and wrist
882 : Open wound of hand except finger(s) alone
883 : Open wound of finger(s)
884 : Multiple and unspecified open wound of upper limb
885 : Traumatic amputation of thumb
886 : Traumatic amputation of other finger(s)
887 : Traumatic amputation of arm and hand (complete) (partial)
890 : Open wound of hip and thigh
891 : Open wound of knee, leg [except thigh], and ankle
892 : Open wound of foot except toe(s) alone
893 : Open wound of toe(s)
894 : Multiple and unspecified open wound of lower limb
895 : Traumatic amputation of toe(s)
896 : Traumatic amputation of foot (complete) (partial)
897 : Traumatic amputation of leg(s) (complete) (partial)
922 : Contusion of trunk
923 : Contusion of upper limb
924 : Contusion of lower limb and of other and unspecified sites
926 : Crushing injury of trunk
927 : Crushing injury of upper limb
928 : Crushing injury of lower limb
929 : Crushing injury of multiple and unspecified sites
954 : Injury to other nerve(s) of trunk, excluding shoulder and pelvic girdles
955 : Injury to peripheral nerve(s) of shoulder girdle and upper limb
956 : Injury to peripheral nerve(s) of pelvic girdle and lower limb
959 : Injury, other and unspecified (to musculoskeletal system)
996 : Complications peculiar to certain specified procedures
V43.6 : Organ or tissue replaced by other means (joint)
V54 : Other orthopaedic aftercare
V67 : Follow-up examination, following surgery